Founded in the late 12th century as a fishing village on the Amstel River. Named "Amsterdam" after a dam built on the river. Became a major trade hub during the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century, known for maritime power and innovation. Historically linked to the Dutch East India Company and global commerce.  Known for its liberal policies on social issues, including the legalization of recreational cannabis (in designated coffee shops) and progressive LGBTQ+ rights. Cycling is the primary mode of transportation, with an extensive network of bike paths. Hosts vibrant neighborhoods like Jordaan (artsy and bohemian), De Pijp (trendy and multicultural), and Amsterdam Noord (modern and innovative).